Find Out What the Word Punic Means

Find Out What the Word Punic Means Basically, Punic refers to the Punic people, i.e., the Phoenicians. It is an ethnic label. The English term Punic comes from the Latin Poenus. Should we be using the term Carthaginian (a civic label referring to the city of North Africa the Romans called ​Carthago) or Punic when referring to the people of northern Africa fighting in the wars with Rome known as the Punic Wars, since Punic can refer to cities elsewhere, like Utica? Here are two articles that elaborate this confusion and may help you, too: Poenus Plane Est - But Who Were the Punickes?Jonathan R. W. PragPapers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 74, (2006), pp. 1-37The Use of Poenus and Carthaginiensis in Early Latin Literature,George Fredric FrankoClassical Philology, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 153-158 The Greek term for Punic is ÃŽ ¦ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃâ€š Phoenikes (Phoenix); whence, Poenus. The Greeks did not distinguish between western and eastern Phoenicians, but the Romans did once those western Phoenicians in Carthage started to compete with the Romans. Phoenicians in the period from 1200 (dates, as on most pages of this site, are B.C./B.C.E.) until the conquest by Alexander the Great in 333, lived along the Levantine coastline (and so, they would be considered eastern Phoenicians). The Greek term for all the Semitic Levantine peoples was ÃŽ ¦ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃâ€š Phoenikes. After the Phoenician diaspora, Phoenician was used to refer to Phoenician people living west of Greece. Phoenician was not, in general, users of the western area until the Carthaginians came to power (mid-6th century). The term Phoenicio-Punic is sometimes used for the areas of Spain, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, and Italy, where there was a Phoenician presence (this would be the western Phoenicians). Carthaginian is used specifically for Phoenicians who lived in Carthage. The Latin designation, without value-added content, is Carthaginiensis or Afer since Carthage was in northern Africa. Carthage and African are the geographic or civic designations. Prag writes: The basis of the terminological problem is that, if Punic replaces Phoenician as the general term for the western Mediterranean subsequent to the mid-sixth century, then that which is Carthaginian is Punic, but that which is Punic is not necessarily Carthaginian (and ultimately all is still Phoenician). In the ancient world, the Phoenicians were notorious for their trickiness, as is shown in the expression from Livy 21.4.9 about Hannibal: perfidia plus quam punica (treachery more than Punic).

CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack) in the Civil War

CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack) in the Civil War CSS Virginia was the first ironclad warship constructed by the Confederate States Navy during  Civil War (1861-1865). Following the outbreak of the conflict in April 1861, the US Navy found that one of its largest facilities, the Norfolk (Gosport) Navy Yard, was now behind enemy lines. While attempts were made to remove as many ships and as much material as possible, circumstances prevented the yards commander, Commodore Charles Stuart McCauley, from saving everything. As Union forces began to evacuate, the decision was made to burn the yard and destroy the remaining ships. USS Merrimack Among the ships burned or scuttled were the ships-of-the-line USS Pennsylvania (120 guns), USS Delaware (74), and USS Columbus (90), the frigates USS United States (44 ), USS Raritan (50), and USS Columbia (50), as well as several sloops-of-war and smaller vessels. One of the most modern vessels that was lost was the relatively new steam frigate USS Merrimack (40 guns). Commissioned in 1856, Merrimack had served as flagship of the Pacific Squadron for three years before arriving at Norfolk in 1860. Attempts were made to remove Merrimack before the Confederates captured the yard. While Chief Engineer Benjamin F. Isherwood succeeded in getting the frigates boilers lit, efforts had to be abandoned when it was found that the Confederates had blocked the channel between Craney Island and Sewells Point. With no other option remaining, the ship was burned on April 20. Taking possession of the yard, Confederate officials later examined the wreck of Merrimack and found that it had only burned to the waterline and most of its machinery remained intact. Origins With the Union blockade of the Confederacy tightening, Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory began searching for ways in which his small force could challenge the enemy. One avenue that he elected to investigate was the development of ironclad, armored warships. The first of these, the French La Gloire (44) and British HMS Warrior (40 guns), had appeared in the last year and built upon lessons learned with armored floating batteries during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Consulting John M. Brooke, John L. Porter, and William P. Williamson, Mallory began pushing the ironclad program forward but found that the South lacked the industrial capacity to build the needed steam engines in a timely manner. Upon learning this, Williamson suggested using the engines and remains of the former Merrimack. Porter soon submitted revised plans to Mallory that based the new ship around Merrimacks power plant. CSS Virginia - Specifications: Nation: Confederate States of AmericaType: IroncladShipyard: Norfolk (Gosport) Navy YardOrdered: July 11, 1861Completed: March 7, 1862Commissioned: February 17, 1862Fate: Burned, May 11, 1862Displacement: 4,100 tonsLength: 275 ft.Beam: 51 ft.Draft: 21 ft.Speed: 5-6 knotsComplement: 320 menArmament: 2 Ãâ€" 7-in. Brooke rifles, 2 Ãâ€" 6.4-in. Brooke rifles, 6 Ãâ€" 9-in. Dahlgren smoothbores, 2 Ãâ€" 12-pdr howitzers Design Construction Approved on July 11, 1861, work soon began at Norfolk on CSS Virginia under the guidance of Brooke and Porter. Moving from preliminary sketches to advanced plans, both men envisioned the new ship as a casemate ironclad. Workers soon cut down the burned timbers of Merrimack to below the waterline and commenced construction of a new deck and the armored casemate. For protection, Virginias casemate was built of layers of oak and pine to a two-foot thickness before being covered by four inches of iron plate. Brooke and Porter designed the ships casemate to have angled sides to aid in deflecting enemy shot. The ship possessed a mixed armament consisting of two 7-in. Brooke rifles, two 6.4-in. Brooke rifles, six 9-in. Dahlgren smoothbores, as well as two 12-pdr howitzers. While the bulk of the guns were mounted in the ships broadside, the two 7-in. Brooke rifles were mounted on pivots at the bow and stern and could traverse to fire from multiple gun ports. In creating the ship, the designers concluded that its guns would be unable to penetrate the armor of another ironclad. As a result, they had Virginia fitted with a large ram on the bow. Battle of Hampton Roads Work on CSS Virginia progressed in early 1862, and its executive officer, Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones, oversaw fitting out the ship. Though construction was ongoing, Virginia was commissioned on February 17 with Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan in command. Eager to test the new ironclad, Buchanan sailed on March 8 to attack Union warships in Hampton Roads despite the fact that workmen were still on board. The tenders CSS Raleigh (1) and Beaufort (1) accompanied Buchanan. Though a formidable vessel, Virginias size and balky engines made it difficult to maneuver and complete circle required a mile of space and forty-five minutes. Steaming down the Elizabeth River, Virginia found five warships of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron anchored in Hampton Roads near the protective guns of Fortress Monroe. Joined by three gunboats from the James River Squadron, Buchanan singled out the sloop of war USS Cumberland (24) and charged forward. Though initially unsure what to make of the strange new ship, Union sailors aboard the frigate USS Congress (44) opened fire as Virginia passed. Rapid Success Returning fire, Buchanans guns inflicted significant damage on Congress. Engaging Cumberland, Virginia pounded the wooden ship as the Union shells bounced off its armor. After crossing Cumberlands bow and raking it with fire, Buchanan rammed it in an effort to save gunpowder. Piercing the Union ships side, part of Virginias ram detached as it was withdrawn. With Cumberland sinking, Virginia turned its attention to Congress which had grounded in an attempt to close with the Confederate ironclad. Engaging the frigate from a distance, Buchanan compelled it to strike its colors after an hour of fighting. Ordering his tenders forward to receive the ships surrender, Buchanan was angered when Union troops ashore, not understanding the situation, opened fire. Returning fire from Virginias deck with a carbine, he was wounded in the thigh by a Union bullet. In retaliation, Buchanan ordered Congress be shelled with incendiary hot shot. Catching on fire, Congress burned throughout the rest of the day exploded that night. Pressing his attack, Buchanan attempted to move against the steam frigate USS Minnesota (50), but was unable to inflict any damage as the Union ship fled into shallow water and ran aground. Meeting USS Monitor Withdrawing due to darkness, Virginia had won a stunning victory, but had taken damage amounting to two guns disabled, its ram lost, several armored plates damaged, and its smoke stack riddled. As temporary repairs were made during the night, command devolved to Jones. In Hampton Roads, the situation of the Union fleet improved dramatically that night with the arrival of the new turret ironclad USS Monitor from New York. Taking a defensive position to protect Minnesota and the frigate USS St. Lawrence (44), the ironclad awaited Virginias return. Steaming back to Hampton Roads in the morning, Jones anticipated an easy victory and initially ignored the strange-looking Monitor. Moving to engage, the two ships soon opened the first battle between ironclad warships. Pounding each other for over four hours, neither was able to inflict significant damage on the other. Though the Union ships heavier guns were able to crack Virginias armor, the Confederates scored a hit on their adversarys pilot house temporarily blinding Monitors captain, Lieutenant John L. Worden. Taking command, Lieutenant Samuel D. Greene drew the ship away, leading Jones to believe that he had won. Unable to reach Minnesota, and with his ship damaged, Jones began moving towards Norfolk. At this time, Monitor returned to the fight. Seeing Virginia retreating and with orders to protect Minnesota, Greene elected not to pursue. Later Career Following the Battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia made several attempts to lure Monitor into battle. These failed as the Union ship was under strict orders not to engage as its presence alone ensured that the blockade remained in place. Serving with the James River Squadron, Virginia faced a crisis with Norfolk fell to Union troops on May 10. Due to its deep draft, the ship could not move up the James River to safety. When efforts to lighten the ship failed to significantly reduce its draft, the decision was made to destroy it to prevent capture. Stripped of its guns, Virginia was set on fire off Craney Island early on May 11. The ship exploded when the flames reached its magazines.

Speaking to Inform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speaking to Inform - Essay Example Are reportedly born with Sickle-cell Diseases, and statistically the larger pictures brings about 100,000 Americans in its purview. Half a century from now it would have been unimaginable to survive this disease, however, today owing to the interventions of technology and other screening programs it can be said that it is manageable to live with Sickle-cell Disease. The regular Red Blood Cells (RBC) are disc-like structures; they are tailor-made to move through the blood vessels with considerable ease. These RBC’s are rich in an iron content protein known as Haemoglobin, which in turn carries out the function of transporting blood from the lungs to the various parts of the body. Sickle cells result in Sickle haemoglobin, which are quite sticky and stiff in nature and impede the flow of the blood; which results in severe pain and a series of other infectious diseases and sometimes damage of the organ. Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder and continues to be present in an individual’s body for an entire lifetime. Individuals with the Sickle Cell Disease are known to be born with the Disease, inheriting two separate genes from either parent. Sickle Cell Anemia is not known to have a specific cure. Treatments that are available work towards reducing the symptoms and other related complications. Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplants are the most common treatments but the results are not assured. A Stem Cell disease must not be interpreted as a Sickle Cell disease simply because Sickle Cell forms on a part of stem Cell transplantations; Stem Cell procedures are merely used to cure auto-immune diseases like Sickle Cell. Hematopoietic cell transplantations are known to cure many of the genetic disorder and as compared to Sickle Cell is a larger purview of manifestations in a human

Wp2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wp2 - Essay Example Nevertheless, some of the customer representatives may find the customer etiquette codes more rigid and outdated. Therefore, I would like you to consider these questions: This Memo comes to notify you that we have a problem with some of our products. There has been a complaint raised by customers, to the effect that some of the products they have purchased from our company are defective. This kind of complaint spells trouble for our company, if the issue fails to be addressed within the shortest time possible. Thus, while bringing this issue to your attention, I am also requesting that you liaise with the necessary authority, to ensure that the manufacturing process is effectively monitored and the products well supervised before they are packaged and availed to the customers. This will help to save the company from the looming problem of loss of business. Secondly, I would like to bring to your attention that I have discovered a problem with our customer service. Customers have raised a concern that some of the responses from our customer representatives are unfriendly and rude. To this effect, I have written to all the customer representatives warning on the same, and asked them to change this conduct. However, I would like to recommend that investigations start to establish the particular person who was involved in the unethical conduct, so that the necessary disciplinary action can be taken against the

Six Sigma Lean Production Systems

Six Sigma Lean Production Systems Nowadays, the development of industrial core intrinsic technologies is more and more important due to the dynamic competition in the global market. Companies have to keep and continuously upgrade their intrinsic technologies in the professional field to gain the sustainable competitive advantage. However, they also have to continuously upgrade their management technologies, and keep sensitive to the latest issues as well as their integration with companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current system. Otherwise, they still cannot survive in the market even though their intrinsic technologies are advanced. No matter how the management technologies be developed, they must emphasize their contribution to business performance, customer satisfaction and continuous improvement of the products or services. Moreover, the integration of different systems is an important issue today and tomorrow. This research will focus on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Six Sigmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lean Production Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to discuss their integration based on the background and thoughts mentioned above. Six Sigma is one of the most popular quality initiatives recently. Lean Production System is the world famous production system developed and practiced by Toyota mobile company for a long time. It based on two concepts: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just-In-Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Jidohkaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Both are based on the variation in thinking in order to improve business process, enhance quality, production and competitive position. Besides, the integration of them is viewed as a new trend in the next management wave. Moreover, regarding the industry characteristics, service industry is quite different from manufacturing industry. Even though there are more wastes and improvement opportunities, the application of Six Sigma, Lean Production System or their integration in service industry is quite few neither in literatures nor practice. This research proposes the Lean Six Sigma integration model based on the research gap and the practical need, and then adapt it for service industry. The model is named as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lean Six Sigma for Service (LS3)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in this research. It balances the viewpoints of internal and external customers, and gives consideration to the Lean speed as well as Six Sigma high quality. Also, this research tries to contribute to the enhancement of management technologies. 2. LITERATURES REVIEW 2.1. Introduction to Six Sigma Six Sigma is the major focus of many companies for its powerful breakthrough performance demonstrated in GE, Motorola etc. recently. Six Sigma can help companies to reduce cost, increase profits, keep current customers and create new customers. In brief, Six Sigma is a methodology to reduce the variation of every process and their interfaces to achieve a very high quality level. In statistical theory, six sigma is an ideal target value, and expressed as: 6à Ã†â€™. It means when the process or product we observed under a normal distribution, the probability of a specific attribute value shifts from the mean about positive or negative six standard deviation would be 0.002 part per million (ppm). Motorola company found a phenomenon that the process mean would shift around the center point of specifications in a long-term processing, and the shifting range would be about positive or negative 1.5 standard deviations from the center point of specifications. Hence, Motorola company modified the statistical meaning of six sigma. The definition can allow the sample mean shifts from the center of the population, and the observed process or product would out lie the six sigma limits only 3.4 times per million operations under the original specifications. In addition, the sigma performance can also be expressed by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Defect Per Million Operations (DPMO)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? shown as Table 1. Table 1. DPMO and Sigma Performance Yield DPMO Shift from Mean Popular Age 6.68 % 933200  ± 0à Ã†â€™ 30.9 % 690000  ± 1à Ã†â€™ 69.2 % 308000  ± 2à Ã†â€™ 1970s 93.3 % 66800  ± 3à Ã†â€™ 1980s 99.4 % 6210  ± 4à Ã†â€™ Early 1990s 99.98 % 320  ± 5à Ã†â€™ Mid 1990s 99.9997 % 3.4  ± 6à Ã†â€™ 2000s Six Sigma means the world leading quality level. More and more companies understand to use Six Sigma to improve the process quality so as to achieve the business dramatic performance. This is because Six Sigma requires the quantitative measurements and analyses of the core business processes as well as suppliersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ involved processes. Originally, Six Sigma methodology is applied to manufacturing industries. However, the applications of Six Sigma are no longer be limited in manufacturing processes today. Keim (2001) demonstrated Six Sigma is very suitable to improve the service performance by two real cases. Paul (2001) pointed that the recent trends in Six Sigma are: emphasis on cycle time reduction, smaller business deployment, and integration with other initiatives. As the Six Sigma market grows, so does the availability of organizations to assist in deployment and integration. This availability of technical expertise allows smaller businesses realistically consider Six Sigma deployment with minimal economic investment. Besides, due to the central concern of Six Sigma is to pursue the customer satisfaction and business performance, we can view Six Sigma a main structure while integrating with other initiatives. As for the integrating initiatives such as Lean Production System, Total Quality Management or Quality Costs etc. depend on the different requirements of each company. 2.2. Introduction to Lean Production System Lean Production System (also called Toyota Production System) is the world famous production system developed and practiced by Toyota mobile company for a long time. It based on two concepts: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just-In-Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Jidohkaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This kind of production system is very flexible to the dynamic change of market demands, and Lean Production System is established by many small group improvement activities to eliminate all kinds of wastes in the business. An important literature written by Spear and Bowen (1999) published in Harvard Business Review pointed that, the Toyota Production System and the scientific method that underpins it were not imposed on Toyota à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they were not even chosen consciously. The system grew naturally out of the workings of the company over five decades. As a result, it has never been written down, and Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s workers often are not able to articulate it. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s so hard for outsiders to grasp. In the article, Spear and Bowen attempted to lay out how Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s system works. They tried to make explicit what is implicit. Finally, they described four principles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" three rules of design, which show how Toyota sets up all its operations as experiments, and one rule of improvement, which describes how Toyota teaches the scientific method to workers at every level of the organization. It is these rules à ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"and not the specific practices and tools that people observe during their plant visits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that in their opinion form the essence of Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s system. Hence the two authors called the rules as the DNA of the Toyota Production System. These rules guided the design, operation, and improvement of every activity, connection, and pathway for every product and service. The rules are as follows: Rule 1: All work shall be highly specified as to content, sequence, timing, and outcome. Rule 2: Every customer-supplier connection must be direct, and there must be an unambiguous yes-or-no way to send requests and receive responses. Rule 3: The pathway for every product and service must be simple and direct. Rule 4: Any improvement must be made in accordance with the scientific method, under the guidance of a teacher, at the lowest possible level in the organization. All the rules require that activities, connections, and flow paths have built-in tests to signal problems automatically. It is the continual response to problems that makes this seemingly rigid system so flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances. 2.3. Four Characteristics of Service Industry Recently, due to the economic and international trading environmental change, the structures of many companies are also changed. The growth of service industries rapidly chases the growth of manufacturing industries. Especially for the current situation in Taiwan, many factories are moving to mainland China. Hence, the needs for service industries to fill in the space of economic activities become very huge. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why service industries play an important role in the economic development recently. This research concludes the four characteristics of service industries based on the literatures written by Kotler (1997), Regan (1963) and Zeithmal, Parasur Berry (1985) as follows: Intangibility: It means that services can be consumed and perceived, but they cannot easy to be objective measured like the manufactured products. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why there is usually a perception gap between the service provider and consumer. Variability: It means that services are delivered by people, so the service quality may change depending on different time, people and consumer perception. That is, the variability of services. Perishability: Unlike the tangible manufactured products, services cannot be inventoried. They are delivered simultaneously while the demands from consumers appear. Once the demands disappear, the services perish. Inseparability: Since the delivery and consumption of services almost be done simultaneously. Hence the interactions between servers and consumers play an important role on the evaluation of service quality. Consumers evaluate the service quality on the moment of consuming the service. That is, the inseparability of services. 3. MODEL CONSTRUCTION This research proposes an integration model of Six Sigma and Lean Production System for service industry called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lean Six Sigma for Service (LS3)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In practice, the first stage is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Leadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the process improvement project by hearing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Voice of Customer (VOC)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The project identification and its scope must be clarified so as to serve the customers more efficiently and effectively by the improvement. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Leadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? stage provides the project team a well-defined scope of the problem they are faced. Hence the major mission of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? stage is to measure the current status or level by quantitative data, and then to analyze how the problem affects the process. By the collection of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Voice of Process (VOP)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, the project team can try to converge the problem and begin to find out its root causes. Moreover, no matter what the process indicators are, the project team has to well define them first, and to explain the purpose as well as the use of each indicator. Most important of all, the performance indicatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ definition and their evaluation methods must be agreed and confirmed by the people involved. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s very important to detail record the performance levels and action results for the further enhancement of service processes. After studying and analyzing the current status of the service process targeted, the third stage is to draw up problem solving countermeasures. The countermeasures must be transformed to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Voice of Server (VOS)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? so as to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Smoothà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the whole service process. It is hoped to reduce the defects and speed up the service delivery by the verification of performance indicators. Therefore, the project team will propose some education and training plans for the coming countermeasuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ conduction. The project team can measure if the project target achieved or not by the proposed countermeasures so as to continuously monitor and control the better results. At this time, the project team has to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sustainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the operating stability of the service process. Therefore, the purpose of this stage is to confirm the result, the effectiveness of the countermeasures and if there is any side effect. Once these things are confirmed feasible, the project team can view the knowledge and experiences as the base of knowledge management and technology accumulation. Finally, the knowledge and experiences must be diffused and deployed throughout the organization so as to be the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Voice of Business (VOB)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The LS3 operating model proposed by this research shown as follows: Figure 1. Structure of Implementing LS3 The key points and tools of implementing LS3 are concluded by this research and shown as Table 2. Moreover, the tools of LS3 are also shown as Figure 2. Table 2. Key Points and Tools of Implementing LS3 LS3 Activities Tools Lead Lead the process improvement projects by hearing the voice of customer (VOC) Identify the process improvement project Define the project performance indicators Select the project team members Accomplish the project charter and job assignments Market survey Project charter Annual police deployment Quality function deployment Value stream analysis Study Study and analyze the current status of targeted process to get the voice of process (VOP) Observe the actual process, and measure the baseline Analyze the collected data to understand the present situation Confirm the problem and critical-to-quality Process mapping Measurement system analysis Motion and time study Multi-vari analysis Cause and effect matrix Process capability analysis Time value analysis Smooth Propose the countermeasures, and transform them into the voice of server (VOS) to smooth the service process Draw up the improvement countermeasures Implement the countermeasures to accelerate the service delivery Confirm the results by performance indicators 5S Operation balancing Rapid operation switching Visual management Eliminate, combine, rearrangement, simplify Process reengineering Failure mode and effect analysis Sustain Sustain and control the project results, and spread out the organization to be the Voice of Business (VOB) Standardize the effective countermeasures to sustain the results Continuous control the improvement level Design the job value of employees in the service process Knowledge diffusion and application Control chart Check list Process standardization Error proofing Education and training Figure 2. Tools of Implementing LS3 4. CONCLUSION Due to the limitation of practical resources, the LS3 model demonstration by a real case could not be included in this research. Therefore, this research used the questionnaire survey to verify the theoretical logic and feasibility of LS3 structure. We interviewed several Lean Production and Six Sigma experts and consultants, and we expect to provide a base of verification by their experiences and knowledge. Finally, we conclude the agreements and suggestions of the experts as follows: All the experts and consultants agreed the theoretical structure of the proposed model by this research, and expressed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“very much agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? level on the logic, implementing steps and their contents. All the experts and consultants expressed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“very agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? level on the proposed model with PDCA management cycle. All the experts and consultants expressed at least the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? level on the fitness for use of the proposed tools. Some experts considered that the names of some tools originally be applied in manufacturing industry should be changed to be well understood in service industry. In addition, all the experts and consultants considered that the tools mostly applied in manufacturing industry should also be applied to service industry. This is because there are huge demands and expectations of these tools in service industry based on their experiences and observations. Hence they deeply agreed the proposed model by this research contains the tools for reference. All the experts and consultants expressed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“very agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? level on the proposed model really integrated the principles of Six Sigma and Lean Production System. Some experts suggested we could emphasize the principles of Lean Production System a little more. All the experts and consultants expressed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“very agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? level on the feasibility of applying this model to the service industry. All the experts and consultants expressed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“very agreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? level on the practical value of this proposed model, and they also expressed that they will refer the structure to demonstrate it if there is any suitable opportunity in the near future. Therefore, we conclude the agreements and suggestions by the experts as follows: all the experts agreed the proposed model by this research on the whole structure, implementing steps and tools planned. They also expressed the practical value and operational feasibility of this model is very high. Moreover, all the experts agreed this model on the fitness for use in the service industry, and they will refer this model to demonstrate it when there is any opportunity in the near future.

Infrastructure Which Sustains Civilised Life Engineering Essay

Civil Engineers create the substructure which sustains civilized life, yet the public frequently perceives building undertakings as impacting the natural environment Introduction Civil Engineers create and construct substructure that is necessary in order for civilized life to happen as we know it at present twenty-four hours. If we take a normal Londoner as an illustration, bulk of his actions throughout the twenty-four hours will hold trust on some signifier of civil technology substructure. This can be seen from a first thing that a individual does in the forenoon, which is the usage of a lavatory. Water running from a pat and ability to blush the lavatory are all possible thanks to substructure that is created by Civil Engineers. Adequate sewage systems allow for soiled H2O to be distributed off from such topographic points as families, and leting for H2O to be treated doing certain that other H2O beginnings such as rivers are non polluted by the soiled H2O. Sewage systems have contributed a great trade to healthful issues forestalling H2O borne diseases such as cholera, enteric fever and many others. It is let downing to state nevertheless, despite knowl edge how to work out and cover with soiled H2O that around four kids die every minute in developing states because of diseases developing from unequal sanitation and insecure H2O [ 1 ] . This job is chiefly due to miss of finance to make substructure that can cover with sanitation issues. Cities such as London and people that live in them frequently take these things for granted. In developed states such as United Kingdom, H2O supply is treated as a basic human right and support is allowed wherever the demand for it occurs. As population is invariably increasing, of all time turning demand for H2O supply besides increases as people become munificent with usage of H2O for indoor lavatories, baths, rinsing machines, rinsing their autos, garden hosieries and many other intents. Apart from substructure that deals with supply and disposal of H2O, there are many other illustrations where Civil Engineers have contributed to prolonging civilized life. This can be portrayed by adverting the edifice of roads, rail links, Bridgess, canals, tunnels, airdromes and docks, all which help transposing for people easier, either it being from place to work or leisure to other states. However, it does non merely halt here, diverseness of undertakings is tremendous which sustain life as we know it, and for intent of this paper alongside other substructure already mentioned, energy is the one issue that peculiarly has to be pointed out. Taking lone electricity as an illustration, sum of topographic points it can come from, is besides really diverse. Coal power and atomic Stationss are merely an illustration along with many renewable beginnings such as hydro ( i.e. dike ) , air current and solar. Civil Engineers would most decidedly be involved in constructing any of these ins tallations that can bring forth electricity. It would be impossible to believe of a present life as we know it today without electricity. Everything that we do, either it being at place, work or outside our place ( i.e. commutation by train ) will affect usage of electricity. Therefore, if our every twenty-four hours activities comprise and rely on usage of substructure that helps keep civilized life as we know it at present, why do people object when there is a proposal to construct something that will assist us travel about our every twenty-four hours activities. Could a typical Londoner conceive of his life without electricity and H2O to blush his lavatory or H2O to imbibe and lavish? If constructing a dike can assist turn to these issues and convey with it many other benefits why would he or anyone else as a affair of fact object to it and comprehend it as a bad thought? Answer to this inquiry is non easy because there are many facets that have to been taken into an history originating peculiarly from political and sustainability issues every bit good as economical and societal grounds. The staying content of this paper will be to measure negative issues with constructing a big graduated table undertaking such as a dike, and besides measure why societ y should see and let edifice of such a undertaking.Benefits of DamsFirst, allow us concentrate and measure some of the benefits that dikes can convey and hold brought to societies. They can supply them with H2O to imbibe and utilize, protect from implosion therapy ( both river and marine implosion therapy ) , create recreational country, irrigate H2O necessary to turn nutrient and in some instances enhance the environment. Dams have been constructed for many 1000s of old ages, and during different times, demands of societies has changed and so has the dike building. In the past basic construct would hold been to construct some signifier of a barrier across the river. Because of deficiency of cognition and stuffs, bulk of the past dike would hold been some kind of an embankment dike. Typically they would hold been on little graduated table and constructed of excavated natural stuffs ( Earth dams ) . In United Kingdom little reservoirs constructed from such dikes were by mediaeval monasteries to supply supplies of fish, by and large carp [ 2 ] . Back so fresh nutrient could hold been a chief ground, therefore the nutritionary benefit from entrapped fish. As clip went on find of concrete and better apprehension of technology rules allowed for bigger dike. Most of dikes today are multipurpose for grounds mentioned earlier. Arch dikes are concrete or masonry dikes, which are curved upstream to convey the major portion of the H2O burden to the abutments. Their form has the benefit that it can keep back big sum of H2O. Hydropower dike uses the difference in H2O degree between the reservoir pool lift and the tailwater lift to turn a turbine to bring forth electricity [ 3 ] . These are merely two of many other more modern dike design constructs. Coming back to benefits that dams bring, we need to look at back peculiarly around clip of industrial revolution in late eighteenth century, to see how much decease rate has fallen by presenting domestic H2O supply. Provision of clean H2O supply and disposal of sewerage brought down many deceases related to soiled H2O. In Britain in 1832 there were 30,000 deceases from cholera and in 1849 60,000 [ 2 ] . This merely comes to demo how bad the job was at that clip because of deficiency of sanitation, as overcrowding occurred since people were coming into metropoliss for occupations. Larger towns such as Manchester, Liverpool and London than started building upstream reservoirs to provide of all time increasing population with clean H2O. The benefit of this can be seen by looking at Enteric deceases ( high febrility unwellness ) in Figure 1 [ 4 ] , in England and Wales.Figure 1It can be seen that debut of clean H2O supply, decease rate fell aggressively right across the state and that by 1940 ‘s it was virtually at nothing. One of the other benefits that dams provide is the inundation protection from river implosion therapy. This can be achieved in two ways. One of them is by direct protection while 2nd is by routing the inundation through a reservoir provided for other agencies, therefore cut downing the extremum flow in the river downstream of it [ 2 ] . At present EA ( Environmental Agency ) in United Kingdom is peculiarly indicating out that it does non desire new development to increase deluging downstream. By building a dike and holding and empty reservoir, allows for storage of H2O to be provided at important times when there is high precipitation, and the storage reservoir acts as a inundation defense mechanism. Constructing a dike without holding increased deluging downstream can be possible therefore carry throughing Environmental Agency ‘s petition. Good illustration where building of a dike has brought inundation protection to a really big population is The Three Gorges Dam in China. The Yangtze River on which the dike is constructed has claimed 300,000 lives of people that have drowned due to inundations in the last century. It has besides displaced 1000000s of people. At the minute, dike provides flood protection to fifteen million people that live in the inundation field [ 2 ] . Land reclaimed from sea can be used for either agricultural intents or for land development. This can merely be achieved by maintaining sea H2O out and merely manner to this is by building dikes, called sea defense mechanisms. Water from reservoirs can be used for irrigation. This is when H2O from the reservoirs is supplied to set down where harvests and workss are, enabling them to turn. This is peculiarly of import in states with hotter clime and which suffer great trade from dry seasons, hence trusting throughout the full season on irrigation H2O. In 1877, low Nile inundation failed to water adequately, doing dearth and decease among the six and half million Egyptian population [ 2 ] . Reservoirs created from dikes can offer Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Making manmade ( unreal islands ) which allows for birds to rest free from marauders such as foxes, and lagunas can be found along the offshore to keep shallow wetlands for wildlife even during drawdown. Woodland plantations along the shore can thrive thanks to provide of H2O offering dramatic and really beautiful home grounds that can back up really big figure of wildlife that can happen it hard to last in wider countryside. Commercial benefits arise from recreational chances that can be created. Since reservoirs allow for fish to boom, angling on such lakes is a immense potency and beginning of touristry. Not merely this but since most reservoirs are rather large, they offer a safe environment to sailing nines, besides boating and even swimming. Such activities as bird observation, bike equitation, nature walks, bivouacing and others can be possible around the reservoir, all which can heighten touristry. One of the chief benefits associated, for intent of this paper is the hydro power induced from constructing dike. Since turbines that generate electricity are fuelled by H2O, it is a clean fuel beginning offering no emanations. Because it relies on H2O rhythm, which in bend relies on series of events in nature one of them being the Sun, it is considered as a renewable power beginning. The reservoir behind the dike can be used to turn the turbines particularly when the demand for electricity leaps [ 5 ] . Taking United States as an illustration, 80 % of the renewable energy is accounted by hydroelectricity. This is because no emanations are released by combustion of fuels which is the job with atomic and coal discharged power Stationss. Just to show how much C dioxide released into the ambiance is saved by usage of hydropower, National Hydropower Association ( in USA ) , estimates it to be at 77 million metric dozenss. This sum would be tantamount to emanations released from driving 60 two million autos for one twelvemonth [ 6 ] . Production of electricity from hydro power is non fouling for other grounds excessively. Since no chemicals are involved with production, none have to be disposed of which is another great benefit to the environment. In add-on, noise pollution is non of a major concern since many dikes are located in stray countries.Negative facets of DamsDespite benefits that dams have brought, they have besides caused major environmental impacts. Even though they are regar ded as non fouling beginning of electrical power and really of import in H2O supply systems, better apprehension over the old ages of environmental impacts it causes makes many people want to oppose their building. Not merely does the environment suffer from building dikes, there are besides major economic, societal and political issues or concerns. Possibly the best manner frontward to depict negative side of constructing a dike would be to concentrate on one of the most controversial dikes of all time built. This is doubtless The Three Gorged Dam in China. From the really first phase, at proposal, it raised all of the concerns already mentioned. It has to be noted nevertheless, benefits are ever much easier to place and quantify, where as costs on the other manus manifest themselves over many old ages and in assortment of ways. Three Gorges Project Before we proceed onto depicting disadvantages of the Three Gorges, we need to understand more about the existent undertaking. The dike stretches 2.3 kilometers across the great river Yangtze. The tallness of the concrete wall reaches about 200 meters, has a volume of 40 million three-dimensional meters, and has created a reservoir 600-kilometres long with a entire storage capacity nearing 40 billion three-dimensional meters [ 7 ] . The reservoir is about twice the size of the Isle of Weight. So far 20 one generators have been installed, bring forthing about 62 billion kWhr of electricity and this is merely two tierces of the maximal degree that is being aimed at accomplishing [ 7 ] . Under original programs, the power generated from The Three Gorges was meant to fulfill some 10 per centum of entire electricity consumed in China. This mark has n't really been realised because demand for electricity in China has gone up at a higher rate than it was estimated for during design phase. T his figure would look to be at approximately 4 per centum fulfilling current demand. Economy Economic facet in footings of cost is difficult to quantify. Latest estimations of the entire building say that entire cost has been around $ 30 billion. Support has come from four internal beginnings in China and a figure of international moneymans. This is a really big sum of money that has been plugged into the undertaking and its estimated that after 2010 when all the proposed 26 turbines are installed and power production is at full capacity, it will take ten old ages to refund the loans [ 7 ] . However, existent cost are difficult to calculate because of after intervention plants and menaces such as landslides and temblors, political corruptness and monolithic resettlement and ecological losingss, all which might necessitate significant sum of money for remedial action. Fisheries Ecological jobs include impacts on the piscaries of the Yangtze River basin and deposit issues. The basin contains 30 six per centum of all freshwater fish species in China. Twenty seven per centum of all of China ‘s endangered fresh water fish are in the Yangtze basin [ 7 ] . Fish population are capable to fluctuations because of the break that the undertaking has on chemical and temperature composing of the H2O. Dam blocks migration of fish and entree to engendering evidences, and besides blocks nutrient resources available to those fish. The major kineticss of how river plants are altered by the dike and as a effect fish are non being able to accommodate to alter in environment. From WWF ‘s Living Planet Report, from 1970 to 2000, freshwater fish species have declined drastically. Fifty four per centum of 195 index species have exhibited a population diminution, which can be seen in Figure 2 [ 9 ] .Figure 2Dams are called up as one of the most influential in this diminution because they impact fish migration and downstream wetlands. Datas released from Three Gorges Dam corresponds to publish as after building one-year crop of carp was slightly 50 per centum below pre-dam statistic [ 7 ] . Deposit River deposit and deposit flow is another job. Traditionally Yangtze river has transported big sum of deposit from its upper reaches all the manner to China ‘s sea. Completion of the dike calls cause of concern for operational issues every bit good as environmental. Sediment has decreased at Yangtze delta by 30 three per centum of what it was before dam building. Decrease in deposit flow to the delta, allows for job of coastal eroding. How large the job is can non be determined at present but will be debatable most surely in decennaries to come [ 7 ] . China has approximately 83,000 reservoirs that are built for assorted intents, and 330 of these are major in size. Sediment deposition in 230 of them have become a important job, ensuing in a combined loss of 14 per centum of the entire storage capacity. Some have even lost up to 50 per centum of possible storage capacity [ 10 ] . Increased deposit degrees can greatly act upon hydroelectric power end product and flooding bar. Seismicity and Geological Instability Filling up of big reservoirs can do seismal activity and besides due to coerce it builds up on local mistakes. Such an action was predicted for Three gorges Dam aboard increased landslides which are related to seismal activity. Major landslide occurred shortly after the reservoir was filled near town of Qianjiangping on the the Qianggan River near its meeting with Yangtze mainstream. Twenty four million three-dimensional meters of stone and Earth slid into the Qinggan river, killing, destructing belongings and barricading way for boats. In 2007 functionaries and experts have admitted that Three gorges reservoir has caused more frequent landslides. Mayor of Chongqing, said that the shore of the reservoir had collapsed in 90 one topographic points and sum of 30 six kilometers of shoreline caved in. as danger zone extends new relocation of the people have to be made which non merely affects the societies but the cost to the authorities of resettlement. Water pollution Pollution of H2O in Three Gorges reservoir besides has to be accounted for when looking at negatives of building a dike. Harmonizing to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangtze river has become the biggest cloaca system in China. Around Three Gorges reservoir country, there are around three thousand industrial and excavation endeavors which release more than one billion dozenss of effluent yearly, incorporating more than 50 different pollutants. Included in the waste H2O are such poison elements as quicksilver, Cd, Cr, lead and nitrile. Industrial beginnings account for the bulk of the pollution, but big sums besides come from agricultural tally away, residential effluent, urban cloacas and pollution from ships. Surveies that are curried out for pollution do non even see township-level endeavors. There is really small intervention of industrial effluent fluxing into the reservoir country, and no intervention of residential effluent. Everyone so far has been trusting on the rivers cap acity to blush pollutants out to sea to maintain it clean. Following building of the Three Gorges dike, the rivers flow is greatly reduced and with it the blushing capacity of the river [ 10 ] . What is besides dismaying is that there are a figure of unknown diseases that have afflicted local workers on the river, perchance from the increased pollution within the river. Worrying besides is the issue of these harmful pollutants distributing farther into the environing environment particularly into other H2O beginnings, since subsiding of pollutants in the reservoir has possible for belowground H2O motion. Resettlement The biggest cost of the building of Three Gorges dike is the relocation non merely in footings of fiscal cost but in loss to societies and civilizations every bit good, since 1.6 million people had to be abandon their places or otherwise be flooded. The job is that one tierce of those people that had to be moved are husbandmans, and happening new land for them that can be used for agriculture is hard. Chinese authorities has tried to carry husbandmans to give up agriculture and travel into urban lodging and take up employment in metropoliss [ 8 ] . Over 100 towns have been flooded wholly and some 100 archeological sites have been lost to the reservoir. Some of the metropoliss have had a cultural history traveling back to good over one thousand old ages. With new jobs non accounted for such as increasing danger zones from landslides new estimation suggest that farther four million people are to be effected with resettlement [ 7 ] . It is non merely the loss of place that is an issue, tensenesss and struggles on a regular basis occur with local population and new migrators that have arrived. Inadequate planning has left people with bad farming land, nutrient insecurity, joblessness and societal position. Other issues Although the universe is going a more peaceable topographic point, the menace of an onslaught on the Three Gorges dike can non be dismissed. If it were destroyed by military onslaught, the effect for military, and for the full state, would be black particularly because its built in cardinal China. Large metropoliss, atomic power workss, and hydro undertakings are routinely considered premier military marks. Looking back at history, British have bombed Germany ‘s Mohne and Eder dikes during WWII and the US has bombed North Korean dike during the Korean War [ 11 ] . Another issue that will merely be mentioned and non greatly elaborated on is the dike failures. Failure of a really big dike carries with it a much larger possible to do decease than any other major adult male made structure/facility. Due to sudden prostration, inundation moving ridge can be generated that can be really black. Finally, it has to be mentioned that in many democratic states such a undertaking as The Three gorges would hold ne'er been approved. Human rights of the people to be resettled and more significantly many intellectuals would hold been taken into an history which can non be said to be the instance with building of Three Gorges in China. It can be comfortably said that the lone ground undertaking was of all time allowed is because of Chinese Communist leading, which lacks hearing and debating. By commanding the media and intelligence blackouts jobs and desolations are non known and minimised from a full graduated table. Such a government is determined to forestall the full truth from being revealed. If people speak against the determination they risk fring their occupations or worse. This is all due to the one-party system ( communism ) , where politicians have features of dictatorship, and no respect for single leting no democratic treatment at all [ 12 ] .DecisionDuty of Civil Engine ers is to supply people with suited substructure that will let people and societies they live in to transport out their activities. Societies should make up one's mind, sooner through democratic advancement, whether they want development to come on or non [ 13 ] . They should non be forced to accept development of any undertaking. Building of dike has many benefits that have been described most of import of those is that they have possible for clean non fouling production of electricity and proviso of H2O for healthful intents. In some parts of the universe, such as China it can hold a immense potency for forestalling implosion therapy. One of chief thrusts for building of Three Gorges Dam was flood bar for 15 million people. If 1.6 million had to resettle, but 15 million people guaranteed that opportunity of implosion therapy is one in a 1000 many would reason for it to be a good thought. Although there are figure of benefits, it is largely environmental impacts that concern bulk of people. Because dams inundation big sum of countries, it can impact ecological stableness in rivers, particularly for fish, local climatic conditions ( i.e. excess H2O vaporizing from the reservoir ) , and it can do landslides and seismal activity. These are merely some of many environmental issues. Social, economic and political facets are of the same importance and must non be overlooked. Equally long as equal stairss are taken to understate the environmental impacts, doing certain that environment can prolong the substructure, and people to be affected in bulk agree to take resettlement compensation, it is a good thought to construct dikes, but possibly non on such a big graduated table as the Three Gorges.

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